bienvenu — It is important to change our point of view *(Image : wikiversity)*

Welcome on my personal website !

Hello and thank you for taking some time to visit my website :) As you may know, in September 2022, I started a project called “Towards 3000 kWh". This project aims to find solutions to reduce our energetic dependance in the long-term. But why ?

Long story short, we, human beings, have based our society on the use fossil fuel energy. Thanks to fossil fuels, we improved our way of living : food security, global access to medical care, education, telecommunication etc ... But, because of fossil fuels, we changed the climate on earth in such a way that these improvements are now at threat. In fact, to have a chance of keeping the consequences of global warming under control, we have 30 years to stop using petrol, gas and coal (1, 2). This means that in 2050, we will have 7 times less enegy available, as a world average (3). Thus, we should have divided our energy consumption by 7 by then. In other words, we should have found solutions to live with an annual quota of around 3000 kWh per inhabitant (As a comparison we shared roughly the same amount in 1800* ...)

This huge step seems impossible to reach for some people. However, they forget that a lot of countries already live with a low energetic level (even if it is not by choice). Via "Towards 3000 kWh", I plan to visit these countries to understand what leaving with a low energetic level means in 2022. The final goal is to work together to quickly target what is essential to create a functioning and energetically efficient society.

I you want to know more about the project, I invite to discover the different sections of this website :

Reading the pages project and context, you will better understand the motivation and the nature of the project.
Visiting the page blog, you will find my travel diary. I will do my best to post few lines every month so that you can follow my trip in (almost) real time.
In contact I wrote few lines about my personnal motivations and you have the possibility to send me a message. I would love to read your words and answer questions :)

I dedicate this website by date of birth to Haz X., Malo P., Noah P., Anuki P.F., Noah G., Léonie M., Oscar C.M.A., Léonie L.L.P., Athénaïs L.R, Isidor B.C. Iris G. and Capucine M.: the world is yours !

*From encyclopedie-energie.org, the biomass produced the energetic equivalent of 0,3 billion tonnes of petrol in 1800. Shared between 1 billion pepole, this corresponds to 3500 kWh per inhabitant.

⇤ ⊙ ⇥

Preliminary results

Human Development vs. Energy Consumption in 2019

	France HDI: 0.9	Costa Rica HDI: 0.82	Albania HDI: 0.81	Nicaragua HDI: 0.66
Food Security Index	80.2%	74.4%	?	56.6%
Life Expectancy	83 years	79 years	79 years	74 years
Completion rate in lower secondary school	>99%	74%	93%	66% (in 2014)
Median Salary Adjusted for Cost of Living	$1500 (in 2018)	$500	$400	$250 (in 2014)
Energy Consumed per Capita in 2019	40,500 kWh	13,000 kWh	11,200 kWh	4,200 kWh

Table 1: Human development and energy consumption indicators for Nicaragua, Albania, Costa Rica, and France. Data sources: https://ourworldindata.org and https://impact.economist.com
.

Figure 1: Average energy consumption per country and per capita in 2019. Non-carbon energy consumption is presumed to be equal to renewable and/or nuclear energy produced in the country (! For France and Albania, this consumption is directly calculated from electricity consumption!). A coefficient of 0.3 is used to estimate fossil fuel energy consumption based on CO2 emissions (Carbon Energy = 0.3 x CO2 emissions x 11,600). Consumption related to imports/exports is deducted from the total consumption and energy consumed in the country. Database: https://ourworldindata.org
.

European Union and Planetary Limits

Figure 2: Energy used to meet basic needs in the European Union in 2022 vs. energy quota to respect planetary limits with the projected global population in 2050.
.

Comparison of the energy footprint of a selection of developing countries, China, the United Kingdom, and France

Figure 3: This figure compares the amount of energy consumed in different countries to the amount of energy they should use to respect planetary limits (sustainable quota). This quota is distributed based on the average temperature observed in different countries (the colder the country, the larger its quota, and vice versa). This method allows distinguishing nations with warm climates from those with cold climates, the latter having higher energy needs. Note that the sum of the quotas equals 8400 kWh of consumption per capita on a global average (planetary energy limit for a population of 7.3 billion, Badiee, 2023). Except for France and the United Kingdom, only countries with a Human Development Index (HDI) above 0.6 and energy consumption below the global quota or temperature-weighted quota are considered. Database: https://ourworldindata.org
.

Comparison of access to food, education, and health in a selection of developing countries, China, the United Kingdom, and France

Figure 4: This figure compares well-being indicators of different countries: accessibility to food, education, and healthcare. Database: https://ourworldindata.org and https://data.unicef.org
.

Global carbon budget distributed among different countries based on their energy footprint in 2019

Figure 5: This figure represents the average carbon budget per capita and per country, aiming to maintain a 50% probability of limiting global warming to +2°C (global ceiling of 1100 Gt of CO2 according to the IPCC). The distribution takes into account each country's energy consumption relative to the global average consumption. From a climate justice perspective, nations with high energy consumption should have a more restricted carbon budget (as they have already used a portion of their quota). Following this logic, France would have exhausted its carbon quotas and would be indebted to low-consumption countries. One way to compensate for this would be to purchase quotas from developing countries to facilitate their energy transition, somewhat akin to the International Climate Change Financing Approach. However, if we consider that a country's wealth (GDP) is directly linked to its energy consumption (which seems to be true for countries producing between $5,000 and $50,000 in average annual GDP), the damage to be paid would be $0.6 per kWh used. Given French energy consumption, our debt would amount to 1500 billions of $ in 2019, which is half of the wealth produced that year. In summary, a strict application of climate justice would place France, and wealthy countries in general, in bankruptcy. This situation would be undesirable as it would disrupt the global social balance, also affecting low-consumption countries. Nevertheless, this underscores our share of responsibility in the current crisis and challenges the applicability of the principles of equality and wealth sharing. Database: https://ourworldindata.org
.